体育管理顶刊研读｜《European Sport Management Quarterly》2021年第1期

　　《欧洲体育管理季刊》（European Sport Management Quarterly，ISSN：1618-4742）为欧洲体育管理协会会刊，创始主编是特雷弗·斯拉，现任主编为英国拉夫堡大学的Paul Downward教授。

　　ESMQ刊载论文内容涵盖所有类型的体育组织研究，并关注对公共、志愿和商业体育机构的管理研究，包括业余和专业机构、生产与体育有关的商品的企业、和体育行业的公共服务组织。从研究选题和内容来看，以欧洲视角的论文研究偏多，同时ESMQ鼓励具有国际视野的研究和文章，支持用新的和创造性的方法来生成和传播有关体育管理的知识，出版语言是英语。ESMQ于2011年入选SSCI社会科学索引来源期刊，是国际体育管理研究的顶级期刊之一。

　　1. Whose side are we on? Balancing economic interests with social concerns through a service-thinking approach

　　我们到底站在哪一边？通过服务思维方法平衡经济利益与社会关切

　　作者：David Cockayne

　　Research question: The aim of this study is to conceptualize sports markets in a way which enables us to (1) explore how the economic and social aspects of markets might be (re)aligned; (2) discuss practical solutions for how this might be achieved; and (3) identify what the implications are for management practice.

　　研究问题：研究的目的是将体育市场概念化，从而能够（1）探索市场的经济和社会方面如何（重新）整合；（2）讨论实现这一目标的实际解决方案；（3）确定其对管理实践的影响。

　　Research methods: Literature from developments in contemporary marketing and market studies are combined to discuss the difference between interested and concerned markets. Service thinking is used ontologically and analytically to illustrate how sports organizations might reconcile the tensions and realities of existence in a business environment, and act positively within both interested and concerned market spaces.

　　研究方法：结合当代市场营销和市场研究发展的文献，讨论感兴趣的市场和相关市场之间的区别。服务思维是使用本体论和分析，以说明体育组织可能调和紧张和现实存在的商业环境，并在感兴趣和关注的市场空间采取积极行动。

　　Research findings: The study suggests that sports organizations must consider the type and configuration of resource; network capabilities; and core organizational values to balance economic interests and social concerns. Secondly, practitioners should consider their organizations as a collective of co-existing entities: (1) teams; (2) clubs and (3) brands. Each organizational form has implications for the resources, capabilities and outcomes achievable by adopting service thinking.

　　研究结果与发现：体育组织必须考虑资源的类型和配置；网络功能；平衡经济利益和社会关切的核心组织价值观。此外，从业人员应将其组织视为共存实体的集体：（1）团队；（2）俱乐部；（3）品牌。每一种组织形式对采用服务思维可实现的资源、能力和结果都有影响。

　　Implications: The paper provides an alternative way of thinking about sports markets, and provides a conceptual space for scholars to consider future research into the dimensions of market concern and how these shape business practice. Generic examples are presented of sports business practice that may also be useful for actors in other service industries.

　　启示：研究提供了另一种思考体育市场的方法，并为学者们考虑未来对市场关注维度以及这些维度如何塑造商业实践的研究提供了一个概念空间。研究举了一些体育商业实践的例子，这些例子对其他服务行业的参与者也可能有用

　　Keywords: Service dominant logic; service marketing; sports marketing; marketing; management

　　关键词：服务主导逻辑；服务营销；体育营销；销售；管理

　　2. The impact of UEFA financial fair play on player expenditures, sporting success and financial

　　performance: evidence from the Italian top league

　　欧足联财务公平对球员支出、体育成绩和财务表现的影响：来自意大利顶级联赛的证据

　　作者：Panagiotis Dimitropoulos & Vincenzo Scafarto

　　Research question: In this study we empirically test the following hypotheses regarding the impact of financial fair play (FFP) on Italian first-division clubs: 1) FFP works as a governance mechanism moderating the relation between internal governance mechanisms and wage expenditures, 2) FFP is altering the relative importance of player expenditures as drivers of sporting performance, and 3) FFP is shifting the business model of Italian clubs leading to a more efficient decision-making on player transfers.

　　研究问题：研究实证检验了以下关于财务公平竞争（FFP）对意大利甲级联赛俱乐部影响的假设：（1）FFP作为一种管理机制，调节内部治理机制与工资支出之间的关系；（2）FFP改变了球员支出作为运动表现驱动因素的相对重要性；（3）FFP正在改变意大利俱乐部的商业模式，使其在球员转会方面做出更有效的决策。

　　Research methods: Using 165 club-year observations from 2007 to 2017, we jointly model the determinants of wage expenditures, sporting results and financial performance via a simultaneous equation approach. The impact of FFP is estimated by interacting a dummy variable for FFP with the key explanatory variables of each model.

　　研究方法：利用从2007年到2017年的165个俱乐部年度观察数据，研究通过联立方程方法联合建模了工资支出、体育成绩和财务绩效的决定因素。通过将FFP的虚拟变量与每个模型的关键解释变量相互作用来估计FFP的影响。

　　Results and findings: Empirical results show that FFP has 1) a negative effect on the relation between wages and sporting results, 2) a positive effect on the relation between net transfer fees and sporting results, and 3) a positive effect on the relation between gains on player trading and financial performance.

　　研究结果与发现：实证结果表明：（1）FFP对工资与运动成绩的关系有负向影响；（2）转会费净额与竞技成绩之间存在正向关系；（3）参与者交易收益对财务绩效有正向影响。

　　Implications: Overall results suggest that FFP is altering the business model of Italian clubs from an investment-focused (wage spending) to a more efficiency-driven one that is geared to make gains from player trading. Accordingly, club managers should commit to creating sustainable cycles of player transfers in order to thrive under the new regulatory environment. As for regulators, this study supports the notion that FFP restores efficient managerial incentives in football businesses, reinforcing the case for a full implementation of the regulation.

　　启示：总体结果表明，FFP正在改变意大利俱乐部的商业模式，从专注于投资（工资支出）转向更注重效率，从球员交易中获利。因此，俱乐部经理应该致力于创造球员转会的可持续循环，以便在新的管理环境下蓬勃发展。对于监管机构而言，研究支持FFP在足球企业中恢复有效管理激励的概念，强化了全面实施该监管的理由。

　　Keywords: Governance; player expenditure; club performance; UEFA; financial fair play; football

　　关键词：管理；球员开支；俱乐部表现；欧足联；财务公平；足球

　　3. Board roles in Scottish football: an integrative stewardship-resource dependency theory

　　董事会在苏格兰足球中的作用：综合管理-资源依赖理论

　　作者：Joshua McLeod, David Shilbury & Lesley Ferkins

　　Research question: This study investigates how boards of directors perceive their roles in Scottish football clubs. With previous studies focusing on amateur and non-profit sport organisations (primarily in Canada, Australia and New Zealand), this research answers the call for more research into board roles and in other sport contexts.

　　研究问题：研究调查了董事会如何看待他们在苏格兰足球俱乐部的角色。之前的研究主要集中在业余和非营利体育组织(主要是在加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰)，研究回应了对董事会角色和其他体育背景的更多研究的呼吁。

　　Research methods: A qualitative design is adopted and 24 directors of Scottish football clubs are interviewed. Football club directors are a difficult to access population and this research represents a rare opportunity to understand the perspectives of key sport governance informants. Template analysis is employed.

　　研究方法：采用定性设计，对苏格兰足球俱乐部的24位主管进行访谈。足球俱乐部的主管是一个很难接触到的人群，这项研究代表了一个难得的机会来了解关键的体育管理信息提供者的观点。采用模板分析。

　　Results and findings: Findings show that perceived board roles fall into five categories: control, service, operations, resource co[1]optation and strategy. Organisational size was found to influence perceptions of board roles in Scottish clubs, while an apparent alignment of interests between owners and managers, and a subsequent reduction in agency cost, has implications for the control role. An integration of stewardship theory and resource dependency theory is argued to provide a more holistic understanding of board roles in this context.

　　研究结果与发现：研究结果显示，感知董事会角色分为五类:控制、服务、运营、资源管理选择和策略。研究发现，组织规模对苏格兰俱乐部董事会角色的看法是有影响的，虽然在所有者和经理之间明显的利益一致，以及随后的代理成本的减少，有影响控制的作用大佬们都在玩{精选官网网址: www.vip333.Co }值得信任的品牌平台!。整合管理理论和资源依赖理论被认为提供一个更全面的理解董事会的角色在这一背景下。

　　Implications: The study responds to calls for a multi-theoretical approach to board roles research by developing an integrative stewardship-resource dependency theory. The integrated theory is argued to be useful in framing the complex dynamics of board roles in Scottish football. Future research is encouraged to assess whether the stewardship-resource dependency theory can provide an effective framework for understanding board roles in other sport settings.

　　启示：研究通过发展整合的管理-资源依赖理论，回应了对董事会角色研究的多理论方法的呼吁。整合理论被认为是有用的框架复杂的动态董事会的角色在苏格兰足球。作者鼓励未来的研究来评估管理-资源依赖理论是否可以为理解董事会在其他运动环境中的角色提供一个有效的框架。

　　Keywords: Board roles; football; sport governance; stewardship theory; resource-dependency theory

　　关键词：董事会的角色；足球；体育管理；管理理论；资源依赖理论

　　4. The influence of race performance on re-participation behaviour of trail runners in the Transgrancanaria event

　　比赛成绩对越障赛跑运动员再参与行为的影响

　　作者：Augusto Voltes-Dorta & Juan Carlos Martín

　　Research question: This paper aims to determine whether race performance has an impact on re-participation behaviour in trail running events. Own performance is a key driver of satisfaction in sport events, but this variable has received less attention than others in the empirical literature about re-participation intentions, even less so for trail running.

　　研究问题：研究旨在探讨在越野赛中，比赛成绩是否会影响参赛者的重新参与行为。自身表现是体育赛事满意度的关键驱动因素，但在关于重新参与意愿的实证文献中，这个变量得到的关注比其他变量少，在越野跑中更是如此。

　　Research methods: This paper employed time-series data to analyse re-participation behaviour of trail runners: our dataset includes all participants in the multi-race Transgrancanaria event (Canary Islands, Spain) between 2008 and 2018. A logistic regression (n = 10,170) aims to establish a link between race performance and the propensity to return to the event.

　　研究方法：研究使用时间序列数据分析了越野跑者的重新参与行为：研究的数据集包括2008年至2018年穿越大加那利岛超级越野赛（西班牙，加那利群岛）的所有参与者。逻辑回归（n=10170）的目的是建立比赛成绩和重返赛事的倾向之间的联系。

　　Results and findings: Results show that improving own ranking within the same race has positive impacts on re-participation behaviour for both locals and visiting participants. Progressing to a longer race over time boosts loyalty for locals, whilefinishing in the top ten for a given category also motivates further participation, but only for non-locals.

　　研究结果与发现：结果表明，提高自己在同一比赛中的排名对本地和来访参与者的再次参与行为都有积极的影响。随着时间的推移，参加更长时间的比赛会提高本地人的忠诚度，而在某个特定类别的比赛中进入前十名也会激发更多的参与，但这仅限于非当地人。大佬们都在玩{精选官网网址: www.vip333.Co }值得信任的品牌平台!

　　Implications: These findings have implications for the race organiser as they shed light on some key drivers of re-participation that can justify the introduction of measures to incentivise loyalty by taking advantage of the broad choice of events on offer. This can be achieved by offering discounts and other benefits linked to performance or race progression.

　　启示：这些发现对比赛组织者有启示，因其揭示了一些关键的重新参与的驱动因素，这些因素可以证明采取措施，通过利用提供的广泛赛事选择来激励忠诚度是合理的。这可以通过提供折扣和其他与表现或比赛进程相关的福利来实现。

　　Keywords: Trail running; re-participation; athletic performance; running event; active sport tourism

　　关键词：越野跑；再参与；运动表现；跑步比赛；主动性运动观光

　　5. The reverse relative age effect in professional soccer: an analysis of the Brazilian National League of 2015

　　职业足球的逆向相对年龄效应：2015年巴西全国联赛分析

　　作者：Luiz Ramos-Filho & Manuel Portugal Ferreira

　　Research question: The relative age effect (RAE) has been examined in several sports, proposing that athletes born in the initial months of each year have an advantage in development compared to those born in thefinal months. Recent studies reveal a reverse RAE whereby players born at the end of the year reach the adult category with better technical quality, salary and career length than the other players. We analyze whether there is a reverse relative age effect, assessing the influence on the market value and sports performance of soccer players.

　　研究问题：相对年龄效应（RAE）已经在几个体育项目中得到验证，每年最初几个月出生的运动员比最后几个月出生的运动员在发展方面有优势。最近的研究显示了一个相反的RAE，即出生在年末的球员比其他球员在技术质量、薪水和职业生涯长度上都要高。研究分析是否存在逆向相对年龄效应，评估其对足球运动员市场价值和运动表现的影响。

　　Research methods: We test the hypotheses on a dedicated dataset of 601 professional Brazilian soccer players that participated in the Brazilian National League in 2015. Brazil is the largest exporter of soccer players to the top leagues and teams. Data were analyzed using multivariate statistics and the Pearson chi-square test.

　　研究方法：研究用2015年巴西国家足球联盟的601名巴西职业足球运动员的数据集中测试了这些假设。巴西是向顶级联赛和球队输送足球运动员最多的国家。数据采用多元统计和皮尔逊卡方检验进行分析。

　　Results and findings: We found a reverse relative age effect in relation to the players’ sports performance, but not in relation to their market value

　　研究结果和发现：研究发现相对年龄效应与运动员的运动表现有关，但与他们的市场价值无关。

　　Implications: Players born in the last months of the year had better sports performance. We contribute to a better understanding of the reverse effect of relative age, accounting for individual characteristics and career trajectory, with potential implications for better decisions by soccer coaches and managers regarding how soccer players are selected and developed.

　　启示：在一年的最后几个月出生的运动员有更好的运动表现。研究有助于更好地理解相对年龄、个人特征和职业轨迹的反向效应，这可能对足球教练和经理如何选择和发展足球运动员做出更好的决定产生影响。

　　Keywords: Reverse relative age effect; Brazilian soccer; players’ market value; players sport performance

　　关键词：逆向相对年龄效应；巴西足球；球员市场价值；球员运动成绩

　　6. Innovation in national governing bodies of sport: investigating dynamic capabilities that drive growth

　　国家体育管理机构的创新：调查驱动增长的动态能力

　　作者：Spencer J. Harris, Matthew L. Metzger and Thomas N. Duening

　　Research question: To what extent are dynamic capabilities present in, and drive the performance of, U.S. Olympic National Governing Bodies (NGBs)?大佬们都在玩{精选官网网址: www.vip333.Co }值得信任的品牌平台!

　　研究问题：美国奥林匹克国家管理机构(NGBs)的动态能力在多大程度上存在并推动其表现?

　　Research methods: Guided by a critical realist perspective we used qualitative semi-structured interviews with the CEO or Executive Director of four U.S.-based NGBs of sport. We examined the effect of dynamic capabilities on the so-called‘3M’ (members, medals, and money) performance of four purposively selected NGBs.

　　研究方法：在批判性现实主义视角的指导下，研究者使用了定性的半结构化访谈CEO及四位美国国家体育总局局长。我们研究了动态能力对四名故意挑选的NGB的所“3M”(成员、奖牌和金钱)表现的影响。

　　Results and findings: Our findings indicate that NGBs with varied performance in outcomes relating to membership, medals and money had notable differences regarding their approach to innovative leadership, organisational learning, market alignment and resource acquisition and mobilisation. The historical structural context also plays an important role in influencing the behaviour of NGBs.

　　研究结果与发现：研究结果显示，在会员资格、勋章和金钱方面表现不同的NGBs处理问题的方法上存在显著差异，对创新领导、组织学习、市场调整、资源获取和动员。历史结构背景对NGBs的行为也有重要影响。

　　Implications: This paper identifies how frameworks such as Dynamic Capabilities can be applied and further examined in order to drive sustained innovation and enhanced organizational performance specifically within NGBs of sport.

　　启示：研究确定了如何应用动态能力等框架，并对其进行进一步研究，以推动体育NGBs内部的持续创新和提高组织绩效。

　　Keywords: Community sport policy; Olympic and Paralympic legacy; implementation; networks; governance

　　关键词：NGB治理；动态功能；创新；性能；组织理论

　　7. Athletes as ambush marketers? An examination of Rule 40 and athletes’ social media use during the 2016 Rio Olympic Games

　　运动员作为隐性营销者？对2016年里约奥运会期间规则40和运动员社交媒体使用情况的调查

　　作者：Andrea N. Geurin & Erin L. McNary

　　Research question: Ambush marketing occurs at all major sporting events, and Rule 40 of the Olympic Charter is designed to prevent ambush marketing tactics during the Olympic Games, restricting what content athletes can post on social media about non-Olympic sponsors. Utilizing ambush marketing as a framework to guide our examination of athletes’ adherence to Rule 40, the purpose of this study was to examine Olympic athletes’ social media posts from the 2016 Olympic Games to determine whether athletes violated Rule 40 and therefore engaged in ambush marketing.

　　研究问题：隐性营销发生在所有重大体育赛事中，《奥林匹克宪章》第40条旨在防止奥运会期间的隐性营销策略，限制运动员在社交媒体上发布关于非奥运赞助商的内容。利用隐性营销作为一个框架，指导我们检查运动员遵守规则40的情况，本研究的目的是检查2016年奥运会奥运会运动员的社交媒体帖子，以确定运动员是否违反规则第40条，因此是否参与隐性营销。

　　Research methods: Using content analysis, this study examined 100 randomly selected U.S. Olympic athletes’ social media posts on Instagram for a six-week time period before, during, and after the 2016 Rio Olympic Games. Frequencies, chi square, and independent samples t-tests were calculated with SPSS25.

　　研究方法：通过内容分析，本研究调查了100名随机选择的美国奥运会运动员在2016年里约奥运会之前、期间和之后的六周内在Instagram上发布的社交媒体帖子。使用SPSS25计算频率、卡方检验和独立样本t检验。

　　Results and findings: Significant differences in posting behaviors existed during the three time periods, and over 19% of all posts during the blackout period violated Rule 40, indicating a form of ambush marketing by the athletes. Additionally, athletes appeared to miss opportunities to highlight their personal sponsors and build their athlete brand after the Games.

　　研究结果与发现：在这三个时间段内，发帖行为存在显著差异，断电期间超过19%的发帖违反了规则40，表明运动员进行了一种形式的隐性营销。此外，运动员似乎错过了在奥运会后突出其个人赞助商和建立其运动员品牌的机会。

　　Implications: Athletes play a role in the Olympic ambush marketing network, whether intentionally or unintentionally, and Rule 40 enforcement issues were apparent, leading to questions about its feasibility. Athletes’ brand-building efforts should extend to the time period after the Olympic Games, as they have the ability to highlight sponsors in their posts to a greater degree during this timeframe.

　　启示：运动员在奥运会隐性营销网络中扮演着重要角色，无论是有意还是无意，第40条规则的执行问题显而易见，导致人们对其可行性产生疑问。运动员的品牌建设工作应延续到奥运会结束后，因为在此期间，运动员有能力在其岗位上更大程度地突出赞助商。

　　Keywords: Ambush marketing; Olympic Games; Rule 40; athlete branding; social media

　　关键词：隐性营销；奥运会；第40条；运动员品牌；社会化媒体

　　8. A taxonomy of dual career development environments in European countries

　　欧洲国家双重职业发展环境的分类

　　作者：Robert Morris, Emily Cartigny, Tatiana V. Ryba, Paul Wylleman, Kristoffer Henriksen, Miquel Torregrossa, Kent Lindahl & Sasa Cecić Erpič

　　Research question. The last decade has seen an increase in empirical research associated with dual careers in sport, with a particular focus on understanding and developing individual characteristics which are important to ensure success in sports and education or a vocation. More recent work has, however, also identified the importance of environmental factors in ensuring successful dual career outcomes. The aims of this study, therefore, are to: (a) identify and classify the different types of dual career development environments (DCDEs) and (b) provide outlines of the key features of the environments identified.

　　研究问题：在过去十年中，与体育双重职业相关的实证研究有所增加，特别侧重于理解和发展个人特征，这对于确保体育和教育或职业的成功非常重要。然而，最近的工作也确定了环境因素在确保成功的双重职业成果方面的重要性。因此，本研究的目的是：（a）确定和分类不同类型的双重职业发展环境（DCDE）和（b）概述所确定环境的主要特征。

　　Research methods. To achieve these aims, this study adopted the procedure of initial documentary analysis, interviews with knowledgeable stakeholders, cross-case analysis, and researcher discussions across seven countries in Europe (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom).

　　研究方法：为了实现这些目标，本研究采用了初步文献分析、与知识丰富的利益相关者访谈、跨案例分析以及欧洲七个国家（比利时、丹麦、芬兰、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、瑞典和英国）的研究者讨论的程序。

　　Results and findings. Results highlighted that there are eight types of DCDEs– (a) sports-friendly schools, (b) elite sport schools/ colleges, (c) professional and/or private club programs, (d) sport- friendly universities, (e) combined dual career systems, (f) national sports programs, (g) defense force programs and (h) players’ union programs with a range of approaches to supporting dual careers.

　　研究结果与发现：结果表明，DCDE有八种类型—（a）体育友好型学校，（b）精英体育学校/学院，（c）专业和/或私人俱乐部项目，（d）体育友好型大学，（e）双职工制组合，（f）国家体育项目，（g）国防军计划和（h）球员工会计划，包括一系列支持双重职业的方法。

　　Implications. The research has practical implications in the context of dual career, through providing a possible framework for developing national taxonomies and, therefore, identifying DCDE characteristics and gaps in dual career support.

　　启示：这项研究在双重职业背景下具有实际意义，为制定国家分类法提供了一个可能的框架，并因此确定了DCDE特征和双重职业支持方面的差距。

　　Keywords: dual careers of athletes; elite sport; talent development; support system; ecological approach

　　关键词：运动员的双重职业；精英运动；人才培养；支持系统；生态方法

　　注：本文仅用于学术交流，原文版权归原作者和原发表刊物所有。

　　查看所有体育管理顶刊概览与论文研读：

　　体育管理顶刊研读 |《欧洲体育管理季刊》期刊概览与论文解读（持续更新）

　　期刊概览｜《欧洲体育管理季刊》2021年第1期